“Far too many students across the country find themselves suspended, expelled, or involved with the criminal justice system for misbehaviors that occur during school,” explained Congressman Cedric Richmond (D-La.) in the executive summary of a report by the Penn Graduate School of Education (PGSE).
“Making all of this worse is the fact that these punishments are not applied equally. From the data available, we know that Black students are disproportionately suspended, expelled, and referred to the criminal justice system by schools. The overuse of these punishments and their disproportionate use on students of color are serious problems that we have to address right now.”
Nationally, over three million public school students received at least one out-of-school suspension and 130,000 were expelled during the 2011-2012 academic year according to the U.S. Department of Education, 2014.
According to the report released last month by PGSE, “Disproportionate Impact of K-12 School Suspension and Expulsion On Blacks in Southern States,” Blacks were nearly half of all students suspended and expelled from public schools in the South.
According to the report, 427,768 Black boys were suspended and 14,643 were expelled, the highest numbers among both sexes and all racial/ethnic groups. Blacks were 56 percent of girls suspended and 45 percent of girls expelled, the highest percentages among both sexes and all racial/ethnic groups.
Columbia Law School Professor Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw and colleagues explained the gravity of the situation in their 2015 report, Black Girls Matter: Pushed Out, Overpoliced, and Underprotected. They found that 90 percent of all girls expelled from New York City public schools in 2011-12 were Black.
“The imposition of harsh disciplinary policies in public schools is a well-known risk factor for stunted educational opportunities for Black and Latino boys,” the report says. “Such punishments also negatively affect their female counterparts … The risks that Black and other girls of color confront rarely receive the full attention of researchers, advocates, policymakers and funders,” she noted.
Ms. Crenshaw says girls of color are “doubly vulnerable” facing gender stereotypes like Caucasian girls and racial stereotypes like Black boys.
“Girls tend to be disciplined when they do things that are non-normatively feminine, like when they get into beef with each other,” she says.
The racial problem is compounded because as she explains in the report, “Blacks tend to be seen as threatening because, by nature, people assume they’re more aggressive.”